Not all of these various peoples were linguistically or ethnically closely related. Some of them spoke Italic languages, and others belonged to another Indo-European branch (Ligurian, Venetic, Lepontic) or were non-Indo-European (Etruscan, Raetic).
Following scientific research carried out by Dutch geneticists, Italy has proven to be one of the last two remaining genetic islands across Europe (along with Finland), this due to the presence of the Alpine mountain chain that, over the centuries, has prevented large migration flows aimed at colonizing the Italian lands[citation needed].
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Historical population of Italy
- The modern man appeared during the Upper Palaeolithic. Specimens of Aurignacian age were discovered in the cave of Fumane and dated back about 34,000 years ago. During the Magdalenian period the first men from the Pyrenees populated Sardinia.[1]
- During the Neolithic farming stable is introduced by people from the east and the first villages are built, the weapons become more sophisticated and the first objects in clay produced.
- In the late Neolithic era the use of copper spreads and villages are built over piles near the lakes. In Sardinia, Sicily and part of "Continental Italy" the Beaker culture spreads from Western Europe.
- During the Late Bronze Age in Italy appears the Urnfield or Villanovan culture characterized by the typical rite of incineration of the bodies originating from Central Europe, the use of iron spreads.[2] In Sardinia the Nuragic civilization flourishes.
- from the 8th century BC Greek colonists settle on the southern coast and in Sicily and found cities, initiating what was later called Magna Graecia. In the 5th century Celtic tribes from continental Europe settled in Northern Italy and parts of Central Italy. The Etruscan civilization developed on the coast of Tuscany and Latium.
- With the Fall of the Roman Empire different populations of German origin intruded into Italy, the most significant was that of the Lombards, who will try to unify politically the "Boot of Italy".
Genetic composition of Italians Y-DNA
Percentages of the various Y-DNA haplogroups (male) to which belong the Italians.[3]| R1b | R1a | I1 | I2a | I2b | J | T | G | E3b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 49% | 2,5% | 2,5% | 3% | 1% | 20% | 4% | 7% | 11% |
Y-DNA genetic diversity
Main article: Y-DNA haplogroups in European populations
Distribution of Italian Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by region in percentage.[4]
| Region | I1 | I2a | I2b | R1a | R1b | G2a | J2 | J1 | E1b1b | T + (L) | Q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Italy | 6% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 3.5% | 55% | 2.5% | 11.5% | 0.5% | 11% | 4.5% | 0% |
| Central Italy | 3% | 2% | 5% | 3.5% | 43% | 8.5% | 19.5% | 2% | 10% | 3.5% | 0% |
| South Italy | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 29% | 8.5% | 23.5% | 5% | 18% | 5.5% | 0% |
| Sicily | 3% | 1% | 1% | 4.5% | 30% | 5.5% | 26.5% | 4% | 17.5% | 6% | 1% |
| Sardinia | 0% | 37% | 0% | 0% | 22% | 15% | 10% | 2.5% | 10% | 1.5% | 2% |
A 2004 study by Semino et al. contradicted this study, and showed that Italians in North-central regions (like Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna) had a higher concentration of J2 than their Southern counterparts. North-central had 26.9% J2, whereas Calabria (a far Southern region) had 20.0%, Sardinia had 9.7% and Sicily had 16.7%.[8] This could be because of the ancient Etruscans, who some think originated in the Near East.
Migration High Medieval Y-DNA
Migrations that occurred on Italian soil from the fall of the Roman Empire until 1000 AD have in some places caused undetermined alterations to the gene pool of the Italian people.[9] Despite the Goths and Lombards bringing much new blood to the Italians, it is estimated that the I1 haplogroup associated with the Germanic peoples is present among Italians in the north in the order of 2-3% and from 1 to 1.5% among Italians in the south.[10]Most modern Germanic populations are not in Haplogroup I1 however, they are in Haplogroup R1b, and one SNP defined clade of R1b encompasses nearly one of every two modern males in Lombardy, and the surrounding Po Valley Germanic settlement area. This clade is defined by the SNP U-152 also known as 'S28'. The high occurrence of R1b U-152 does not occur outside of the Germanic settlement areas. The Germanic settlement region of the Po Valley is the location of the highest percentage of the U-152 SNP in any human population.[11]
Other haplotypes that could have been penetrated in Italy together with the German invaders are haplogroup R1a which belongs to 2.5% of Italians and some subclades of the R1b Haplogroup (in particular the subclade R1b1c9 that owns 3.5% of Italians [12] and is particularly widespread among the peoples of north-west Italy) but because these haplogroups are just mentioned fairly commonly in other European ethnic groups it is difficult to establish whether they have been really brought into Italy by Germanic peoples or by other peoples (e.g. Slavs). The Germanic or Nordic heritage among the Italians is not fully clear at this time from genetic evidence.
In Sicily further migrations from the Vandals, Normans and Saracens have only slightly affected the ethnic composition of the Sicilian people. The Arab civilization flourished undisturbed for nearly a century and the impact of Arab-Berber colonization occurred in a more intense way. Ultimately, the North African male contribution to Sicily was estimated between 6 and 7.5%.[13][14][15] This period was followed by centuries of Norman rule and migration into Sicily from France (Franks, Normans) and Northern and Southern Italy (Lombards, Ligurians, and Latins) that would transform Sicily into "the jewel of the Mediterranean.
Genetic composition of Italians mtDNA
Percentages of mtDNA haplogroups (female) among Italians:| H | V | J | T | U | K | I | W | X2 | others | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 33,5% | 4,5% | 7,5% | 12% | 12,5% | 7% | 2% | 2,5% | 2% | 16,5% |
African Haplogroup L lineages are relatively infrequent (1% or less) throughout Italy with the exception of Latium, Volterra, Basilicata and Sicily where frequencies between 2 and 3% have been found.[18]
The contribution of Italians in rebuilding Europe's mtDNA
Recent studies have shown that Italy has played an important role in the recovery of 'Western Europe" at the end of the Last glacial period. The study focused mitochondrial U5b3 haplogroup discovered that this female lineage had in fact originated in Italy and that then expanded from the Peninsula around 10,000 years ago towards Provence and the Balkans. In Provence, probably between 9000 and 7000 years, it gave rise to the haplogroup subclade U5b3a1. This subclade U5b3a1 later came from Provence to Sardinia by obsidian merchants, as it is estimated that 80% of obsidian found in France comes from Monte Arci in Sardinia reflecting the close relations that were at the time of these two regions. Still about 4% of the female population in Sardinia belongs to this haplotype.[19]See also
Notes
- ^ Siiri Rootsi : Y-Chromosome haplogroup I prehistoric gene flow in Europe, UDK 902(4)"631/634":577.2, Documenta Prehistorica XXXIII (2006)
- ^ [1][dead link] Culture del bronzo recente in Italia settentrionale e loro rapporti con la "cultura dei campi di urne"
- ^ [2] Eupedia : Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by region in percentage
- ^ [3] Eupedia : Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by region in percentage. See note n° 4
- ^ Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peni... [Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2007] - PubMed result
- ^ Capelli, C. et al., Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal ..., Mol. Phy-logenet. Evol. (2007), doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030
- ^ The History and Geography of Human Genes Search results for "Southern Italy" on Google Books
- ^ Ornella Semino et al., "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area," American Journal of Human Genetics 74:1023–1034, 2004.
- ^ The History and Geography of Human Genes Search results for "roman" on Google Books
- ^ [4] Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe
- ^ [5] Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe
- ^ [6] Y-chromosome Short Tandem Repeat DYS458.2 Non-consensus Alleles Occur Independently in Both Binary Haplogroups J1-M267 and R1b3- M405
- ^ "The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.", Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome European Journal of Human Genetics (2009) 17, 91–99; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120; published online 6 August 2008
- ^ Moors and Saracens in Europe, estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe European Journal of Human Genetics (2009) 17, 848–852; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258; published online 21 January 2009
- ^ Table 1 Historically introduced NW African types in Italy and Iberia
- ^ [7] Distribution of European mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups by region in percentage
- ^ [8] Chronological development of mtDNA haplogroups
- ^ 4/138=2.90% in Latium, 3/114=2.63% in Volterra, 2/92=2.20% in Basilicata and 3/154=2% in Sicily, Achilli et al.2007, Mitochondrial DNA Variation of Modern Tuscans Supports the Near Eastern Origin of Etruscans
- ^ [9] American Journal of Human Genetics : Mitochondrial Haplogroup U5b3: A Distant Echo of the Epipaleolithic in Italy and the Legacy of the Early Sardinians
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